The second development that has made 2D and 3D electrical imaging surveys practical tools is fast interpretation software that can be used on commonly available Windows based microcomputers. A set of free lecture notes (Spanish version aso available) which cover a number of practical aspects of 2D and 3D electrical imaging surveys, including field methodology and data interpretation, is available in the 'Downloads' page of this website. Over the last 20 years, there has been an explosive growth in the number of commercial multi-electrode resistivity meter systems for electrical imaging surveys sold by companies in Europe, North America and Asia. A recent development is 4-D time-lapse surveys.
However due to recent developments in field equipment design, interpretation software and microcomputer technology, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) surveys are now practical geophysical exploration tools for environmental, engineering and mineral exploration studies.
Until the early 1990's, the resistivity method has been used as a one-dimensional (1D) tool where quantitative modelling was confined to simple horizontal layers which are not sufficiently accurate for complex geological environments. Over the last 25 years, there has been a revolutionary change in the resistivity (and IP) surveying method.
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